BACKGROUND: Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile is receiving incre
ased attention as a nosocomial hospital-acquired infection. METHODS: T
o determine the incidence of C difficile colitis in our facility and t
he relative proportion of patients dying from the colitis or requiring
colectomy for it, we retrospectively reviewed 201 cases of colitis ca
used by C difficile from 1984 to 1994. RESULTS: The incidence of C dif
ficile colitis ap pears to be sharply increasing and is associated wit
h the use of cephalosporins. Among patients who subsequently developed
C difficile colitis, the most frequent indication for antibiotic use
was perioperative prophylaxis; surgical patients comprised 55% of the
total cases. Surgical intervention was required for 5% of patients wit
h C difficile colitis, with an operative mortality of 30%. The overall
mortality was 3.5% and was associated with a delay in diagnosis. The
only discriminative factor between patients who died and those who sur
vived was length of time from symptoms to treatment-5.43 days for surv
ivors versus 10.7 days for those who died (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Most
cases of C difficile colitis seen by surgeons have followed the use o
f perioperative prophylactic antibiotics, Strict guidelines for using
perioperative antibiotics should be observed. Prompt recognition of C
difficile colitis and aggressive therapy for it are essential for a fa
vorable outcome.