Akathisia, dystonia, dyskinesia and parkinsonism, the four main catego
ries of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS), represent
major disadvantages in antipsychotic therapy. In vulnerable patients,
acute EPS may progress into potentially irreversible forms such as tar
dive dystonia and tardive dyskinesia. In the psychiatric clinic, these
EPS are often insufficiently recognised or permitted to exist without
treatment. In order to ensure a better EPS diagnosis, a simple examin
ation procedure is described. EPS rating scales may serve as an aid in
this process. Guidelines are given to prevent and treat EPS. Thus, EP
S are best prevented by a course of neuroleptic medication involving a
s little antidopaminergic D-2 effect as possible, including the use of
the lowest effective dose (sometimes obtained by addition of a benzod
iazepine or carbamazepine) and with antipsychotic drugs which produce
low D? receptor blockade. Treating EPS also consists of using the lowe
st effective dose and antipsychotics with a low D-2 dopamine receptor
occupancy. At present, clozapine is the only drug that produces antips
ychotic benefits at doses that cause far less D-2 receptor antagonism
in the basal ganglia of the brain than that seen with standard neurole
ptics; however, newer drugs, such as olanzepine, seroquel and sertindo
le, are on the way.