ANARCHY AND IDENTITY

Is there escape from a self-help system? Realists say no. They assume states are egoistic actors in anarchy; this means states must either l ook out for themselves or risk destruction: structure generates a self -help system. Constructivists think escape is possible. Because identi ties are made, not given, we should not make a priori assumptions of s tate egoism: process generates self-help. Process could also generate an other-help security system. This article introduces a third approac h that uses social identity theory to argue that interstate relations are inherently competitive. Thus, for cognitive and motivated-rather t han structural or social-reasons, competition, which can be coercive o r cooperative, characterizes international politics.