Measurement as robot implementation and operation within computer-inte
grated manufacturing or assembly systems. The production, implementati
on and operation of and with robots and multi-axis machine tools are a
ll areas where robot-calibration results can lead to significant impro
vement in accuracy and/or cost-saving opportunities. Presented here ar
e robot calibration tools and devices for robot modelling, model param
eter identification and robot measurement which can be used for evalua
ting the quality control of robot production, for monitoring the deter
ioration of robot components, and for improving robot absolute positio
ning accuracy as required for use of off-line programming.