B. Lu et al., HIGH-EFFICIENCY AND HIGH-POWER VERTICAL-CAVITY SURFACE-EMITTING LASERDESIGNED FOR CRYOGENIC APPLICATIONS, IEEE photonics technology letters, 7(5), 1995, pp. 447-448
We report the first vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) tha
t has been optimized for cryogenic applications near 77 K, with superi
or characteristics that include a high-output power (P-out = 22 mW at
I = 25 mA), high power conversion efficiency (eta(d) = 32%), low thres
hold voltage (V-th = 1.75 V) and current (I-th = 1.7 mA), and low powe
r dissipation (9 mW at P-out = 2.0 mW) for a 20-mu m-diameter device.