PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTH-AMERICAN ELECTRIC FISHES (ORDER GYMNOTIFORMES) AND THE EVOLUTION OF THEIR ELECTROGENIC SYSTEM - A SYNTHESIS BASED ON MORPHOLOGY, ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, AND MITOCHONDRIAL SEQUENCEDATA

The order Gymnotiformes (South American electric fishes) is a fascinat ing assemblage of freshwater fishes that share the unusual ability to produce and sense electric fields used for electrolocation and social communication. In the last few decades, the electrogenic and electrose nsory systems (EES) of these fish have served as an excellent model to study motor and sensory physiology in vertebrates. In an attempt to a ddress the evolution of characters associated with the EES in the grou p, we applied maximum-parsimony (MP), minimum-evolution (ME), and maxi mum-likelihood (ML) methods to analyze 302 aligned bases of the mitoch ondrial 12S rRNA and 416 bases of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA of 19 gym notiform genera representing all six recognized families. Six catfish genera (order Siluriformes) were also sequenced and used as outgroups. The phylogenetic hypothesis resultant from molecular data analysis di ffers in some respects from previous hypotheses based on morphological studies. Our results were most informative within the family level, a s we were unable to elucidate the relationships among deeper branches in this order with sufficient confidence by using molecular data alone . The phylogenetic information of both mitochondrial DNA segments appe ars to be affected by functional constraints, and the resultant topolo gies were sensitive to different weighting schemes and the algorithm u sed. Nonetheless, we found unanimous support for the following phyloge netic relationships: (1) the family Sternopygidae is an unnatural grou p, and Sternopygus is the sole representative of a unique lineage with in the order; (2) the family Hypopomidae is not monophyletic; and (3) the order Gymnotiformes is composed of at least six natural clades: St ernopygus, family Apteronotidae, a new clade consisting of the remaini ng sternopygids, families Hypopomidae + Rhamphichthyidae, family Elect rophoridae, and family Gymnotidae. By combining molecular, morphologic al, and physiological information, we propose a new hypothesis for the phylogeny of this group and suggest a new family Eigenmanniidae n. (o rder Gymnotiformes).