PATTERNS OF KNOWING - REVIEW, CRITIQUE, AND UPDATE

Carper's patterns of knowing in nursing have been consistently cited i n the nursing literature since they appeared in 1978. The degree to wh ich they represent nursing knowledge in the mid-1990s is explored, and a major modification is suggested-the addition of a fifth pattern, so ciopolitical knowing. The article also suggests modifications to the m odel for nursing knowledge put forward by Jacobs-Kramer and Chinn to e nable this model to be used more effectively as a framework for explor ing processes of inquiry into nursing knowledge and practice.