THE CROSSED PARALYZES - THE ORIGINAL BRAIN-STEM SYNDROMES OF MILLARD-GUBLER, FOVILLE, WEBER, AND RAYMOND-CESTAN

In this article, the crossed syndromes of Millard-Gubler (facial palsy and contralateral hemiparesis), Foville (facial palsy, conjugate gaze paralysis, and contralateral hemiparesis), Weber (oculomotor palsy an d contralateral hemiparesis), and Raymond-Cestan (internuclear ophthal moplegia and contralateral hemiparesis) are detailed from the original reports. These and other related syndromes were instrumental in estab lishing important principles in brain-stem localization: the occurrenc e of cranial nerve palsies contralateral to hemibody motor or sensory disturbances, the concepts of the medial longitudinal fasciculus and c onjugate gaze, and the corticobulbar innervation of the facial nerve n ucleus.