Only within the past decade has the potential of metal. biosorption by
biomass materials been well established. For economic reasons, of par
ticular interest are abundant biomass types generated as st waste bypr
oduct of large-scale industrial fermentations or certain metal-binding
algae found in large quantities in the sea. These biomass types serve
as a basis for newly developed metal biosorption processes foreseen p
articularly as a very competitive means for the detoxification of meta
l-bearing industrial effluents. The assessment of the metal-binding ca
pacity of some new biosorbents is discussed. Lead and cadmium, for ins
tance, have been effectively removed from very dilute solutions by the
dried biomass of some ubiquitous species of brown marine algae such a
s Ascophyllum and Sargassum, which accumulate more than 30% of biomass
dry weight in the metal. Mycelia of the industrial steroid transformi
ng fungi Rhizopus and Absidia are excellent biosorbents for lead, cadm
ium, copper, zinc, and uranium and also bind other heavy metals up to
25% of the biomass dry weight. Biosorption isotherm curves, derived fr
om equilibrium batch sorption experiments, are used in the evaluation
of metal uptake by different biosorbents. Further studies are focusing
on the assessment of biosorbent performance in dynamic continuous-flo
w sorption systems. In the course of this work, new methodologies are
being developed that are aimed at mathematical modeling of biosorption
systems and their effective optimization. Elucidation of mechanisms a
ctive in metal biosorption is essential for successful exploitation of
the phenomenon and for regeneration of biosorbent materials in multip
le reuse cycles. The complex nature of biosorbent materials makes this
task particularly challenging. Discussion focuses on the composition
of marine algae polysaccharide structures, which seem instrumental in
metal uptake and binding. The state of the art in the field of biosorp
tion is reviewed in this article, with many references to recent revie
ws and key individual contributions.