MAPPING MEMORY-SYSTEMS IN THE HUMAN BRAIN

Positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are non-in vasive methods for localizing the anatomic systems involved in learnin g and memory. In this review, localization of both explicit and implic it forms of memory are examined. Localization studies of working and e pisodic memory underscore the importance of parietal and prefrontal as sociative areas and make a distinction between memory encoding and mem ory retrieval. Associative and procedural learning involve changes of brain activity in motor effector areas normally involved in task execu tion. Learning of sequential movements recruits several possible corti cal systems, depending on the behavioral context in which learning tak es place. Different forms of learning access different anatomic system s.