Concave hydrocarbons, such as 1 (C36H36), 4 (C60H60), 5 (C54H48), and
6 (C60H52), represent three-dimensionally clamped analogues of pi-pris
mands. They encapsulate small metal ions and accomplish metal-ion extr
action from aqueous solution. Their remarkable selectivity allows appl
ications such as incorporation in ion-selective electrodes. The synthe
tic route is based on well-established cyclophane methodology and, thu
s, offers a general approach to a whole family of concave hydrocarbons
.