PROSPECTIONS, RETROSPECTIONS, AND RATIONALITY - THE BANKERS MODEL OF PRESIDENTIAL APPROVAL RECONSIDERED

MacKuen, Erikson, and Stimson (1992) recently have challenged a long-s tanding conventional wisdom by claiming that sociotropic prospections dominate presidential approval models. Net of long-term expectations a bout the economy, judgments about its past performance are not signifi cant. However, when nonstationarity in the time series of interest is taken into account, analyses of models similar to MacKuen, Erikson, an d Stimson's and analyses of an alternative error correction model both indicate that retrospections as well as prospections are influential. They also contend that the electorate forms its economic expectations according to a rational expectations model. This claim is unfounded b ecause their analyses and data are inadequate for assessing it.