Sd. Emslie, A CATASTROPHIC DEATH ASSEMBLAGE OF A NEW SPECIES OF CORMORANT AND OTHER SEABIRDS FROM THE LATE PLIOCENE OF FLORIDA, Journal of vertebrate paleontology, 15(2), 1995, pp. 313-330
A new late Pliocene (upper Pinecrest beds, 2.4-2.0 Ma) fossil locality
in Florida has produced thousands of bones and 137 whole and partial
skeletons of a new species of cormorant, Phalacrocorax filyawi, that i
s related phylogenetically to Recent taxa currently restricted to the
eastern north Pacific. Evidence from the bones and the stratigraphy of
the site indicate that the cormorants died in a single catastrophic e
vent, perhaps a red tide. At least eight other taxa of seabirds and sh
orebirds also were recovered from the site and include two new species
of gull, Larus perpetuus and L. lacus, described herein. The depositi
onal environment reflected by this fauna is a coastal lagoon and beach
or shoreline habitat that rarely is preserved in the fossil record of
Florida. The fossil cormorant and other seabirds from the Pliocene su
pport molluscan evidence that the Florida Gulf Coast was characterized
then by cold-water upwelling and a highly productive marine system. M
arine cormorants in the eastern Pacific may have extended into the Gul
f of Mexico in the early Pliocene during submergence of the Panamanian
Isthmus, but became extinct in this region by the end of the Pliocene
.