An initial series of experiments with rats in a swimming pool establis
hed that they could find a hidden platform the location of which was d
efined in terms of 3 or 4 landmarks and that, when trained with all 4,
any subset of 3 (or even, after a sufficient number of swimming trial
s, 2) landmarks was sufficient to produce accurate performance. When o
nly one landmark was present during testing, however, performance fell
to chance. Two additional experiments demonstrated a significant bloc
king effect: If rats were first trained to locate the platform with 3
landmarks, they did not learn to use a 4th landmark added to their ini
tial set of 3.