I. Kita et al., MACROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF MAMMARY-GLANDS AND TEATS OF JAPANESE SEROWS, CAPRICORNIS-CRISPUS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PAST GESTATION, Journal of veterinary medical science, 57(3), 1995, pp. 447-451
Mammary glands and teats were examined to estimate the reproductive hi
story of Japanese serows. The presence of milk was an indicator of rep
roduction in the previous year. The thickness of the mammary glands is
indicative of their function. The females whose mammary glands are mo
re than 10 mm thick may be regarded as having delivered half a year be
fore. The distance between teats is not always indicative of the funct
ion of the mammary glands. Animals with teats 10 mm or less in length
and those with teats longer than 10 mm may be judged to be nulliparous
and multiparous, respectively.