SURFACE-WATER TEMPERATURE, SALINITY, AND DENSITY CHANGES IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC DURING THE LAST 45,000 YEARS - HEINRICH EVENTS, DEEP-WATER FORMATION, AND CLIMATIC REBOUNDS

We developed a new method to calculate sea surface salinities (SSS) an d densities (SSD) from planktonic foraminiferal delta(18)O and sea sur face temperatures (SST) as determined from planktonic foraminiferal sp ecies abundances. SST, SSS, and SSD records were calculated for the la st 45,000 years for Biogeochemical Oceanic Flux Study (BOFS) cores 5K and 8K recovered from the northeast Atlantic. The strongest feature is the dramatic drop in all three parameters during the Heinrich ''ice-r afting'' events. We modelled the possibility of deepwater formation in the northeast Atlantic from the SSD records, by assuming that the sur face waters at our sites cooled as they flowed further north. Comparis on with modelled North Atlantic deepwater densities indicates that the re could have been periods of deepwater formation between 45,000 and 3 0,000 C-14 years B.P. (interrupted by iceberg meltwater input of Heinr ich event 3 and 4, at 27,000 and 38,000 C-14 years B.P.) and during th e Holocene. No amount of cooling in the northeast Atlantic between 30, 000 and 13,000 years could cause deep water to form, because of the lo w salinities resulting from the high meltwater inputs from icebergs. O ur records indicate that after each Heinrich event there were periods of climatic rebound, with milder conditions persisting for up to 2000 years, as indicated by the presence of warmer and more saline water ma sses. After these warm periods conditions returned to average glacial levels. These short term cold and warm episodes in the northeast Atlan tic ate superimposed on the general trend towards colder conditions of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Heinrich event 1 appears to be unique as it occurs as insolation rose and was coeval with the initial melti ng of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. We propose that meltwater input of Heinrich event 1 significantly reduced North Atlantic Deep Water forma tion reducing the heat exchange between the low and high latitudes, th us delaying deglaciation by about 1500 radiocarbon years (2000 calenda r years).