We review developments in cone and seed production research during the
past decade. We conclude that although cone induction techniques, inc
luding hormonal and cultural procedures, have been refined, they still
do not fully overcome juvenility or noninductive environmental effect
s. The role pollen plays in enhancing seed production and the genetic
quality of seed is discussed. Techniques for handling pollen are descr
ibed, in vitro viability assays are reviewed, and we also examine rece
nt developments in pollen collection and its artificial ripening.