PAIN AND TISSUE-INTERFACE PRESSURES DURING SPINE-BOARD IMMOBILIZATION

Study objectives: Although spine boards are one of the main EMS means of immobilization and transportation, few studies have addressed the d iscomfort and potential harmful consequences of using this common EMS tool. We compared the levels of pain and tissue-interface (contact) pr essures in volunteers immobilized on spine boards with and without int erposed air mattresses. Design: Prospective crossover study. Setting: Emergency department of Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, I ndiana. Participants: Twenty healthy volunteers who had not taken any analgesic drugs in the preceding 24 hours, were not experiencing any p ain at the time of the study, and did not have history of chronic back pain. Interventions: To simulate prehospital transport conditions, we immobilized volunteers with hard cervical collars and single-buckle c hest straps on wooden spine boards with or without commercially availa ble medical air mattresses. The crossover order was randomized. After 80 minutes, immobilization measures were discontinued and the subjects were allowed to get off the boards for a recovery period of 60 minute s. Subjects were then studied for a second 80-minute period with the o pposite intervention. At baseline and at 20-minute intervals, the leve l of pain was rated with a 100-mm visual analog scale. Tissue-interfac e pressures were measured at the occiput, sacrum, and left heel. Resul ts: Mean pain on the visual analog scale was 9.7 mm at the end of the mattress period and 37.5 mm at the end of the no-mattress period (P=.0 001). Although there were no significant differences in pain between t he two groups at time 0, volunteers reported significantly more pain d uring the no-mattress period at 20 (P=.003), 40 (P=.0001), and 60 minu tes (P=.0001). All 20 subjects reported that immobilization on the spi ne board with the mattress was ''much better'' (five-point scale) than that without the mattress. Interface pressure levels were significant ly less in the mattress period than in the no-mattress period measured at occiput (P.0001), sacrum (P=.0001), and heel (P=.0001). Conclusion : In a simulated immobilization experiment, healthy volunteers reporte d significantly less pain during immobilization on a spine board with an interposed air mattress than during that on a spine board without a mattress. Tissue-interface pressures were significantly higher on spi ne boards without air mattresses. This and previous studies suggest th at immobilization on rigid spine boards is painful and may produce tis sue-interface pressure high enough to result in the development of pre ssure necrosis (''bedsores''). Emergency care providers should conside r the use of interposed air mattresses to reduce the pain and potentia l tissue injury associated with immobilization on rigid spine boards.