Annual fluctuations of northern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silve
stris) populations often are attributed to high winter mortality. Howe
ver, studies conducted in agricultural environments have demonstrated
that seasonal survival can be highest during winter, suggesting other
factors are more important to annual population change. We examined su
rvival and reproduction of female eastern wild turkeys in south-centra
l New York during 1990-93 and conducted a sensitivity analysis to dete
rmine the relative importance of demographic parameters to annual popu
lation change. Seasonal survival rates (n = 238) were 0.800 for spring
, 0.855 for summer, 0.834 for fall, and 0.873 for winter. Fall surviva
l rates varied by years (P < 0.01) and were higher during years of abo
ve average hen success. Annual survival rates averaged 0.498, and crud
e annual mortality rates ((M) over cap) averaged 0.321 for predation a
nd 0.117 for poaching, hunting, and wounding combined. Subadult female
s had lower nesting rates (P = 0.002, n = 201), lower renesting rates
(P = 0.001, n = 115), and lower hen success rates (P = 0.02, n = 196)
than adult females. Nest success averaged 37.9% (n = 232) and was high
est (P = 0.005) during years with average to below average May rainfal
l. We observed annual variation in nest success (P = 0.001), hen succe
ss (P = 0.003), and hatching rates (P = 0.04). Poult survival averaged
40.0% (n = 605) and did not vary among years (P = 0.73). Nest success
was the primary factor contributing to annual population change. We s
uggest that annual fluctuations of northern populations in mixed agric
ultural and forested environments rarely result from variability of an
nual survival and may result from variability of annual nest success a
nd poult survival. Northern populations subjected to infrequent severe
winters in mixed agricultural and forested environments likely would
benefit more from enhancement of nesting and brood-rearing habitat.