Exceptionally low total ozone, up to 40% below the normal level, was m
easured over Northern Europe during winter and spring in 1992 and 1993
. In 1993 the depletion persisted up to the end of May, resulting in a
significant increase of biologically effective UV radiation. The incr
eases were significantly smaller in 1992 and 1994 than in 1993. The UV
exposure of the Finnish population was evaluated through measurements
and theoretical calculations. The increase in measured erythemal (Int
ernational Lighting Commission) UV falling onto horizontal surfaces on
clear days was determined relative to model calculations for an avera
ge ozone amount. The increase was on average 10% from April to May 199
3, and the maximal measured increase was 34%. Theoretical calculations
for both erythemal and carcinogenic (Skin Cancer Utrecht-Philadelphia
) UV indicated that in 1993 the theoretical annual increase to a verti
cal (cylinder) surface ranged from 8 to 13% in Finland. The reflection
of UV from snow considerably increases facial UV doses in Northern Fi
nland.