THE MARINE ECOLOGY OF THE LAGUNA SAN-RAFAEL (SOUTHERN CHILE) - ICE SCOUR AND OPPORTUNISM

Surveys of the intertidal fauna and flora, the plankton, fish, birds a nd marine mammals of the Laguna San Rafael were carried out by a Ralei gh International Expedition in January-February 1993. The Laguna is do minated by the effects of scouring, low temperature and low salinity p roduced by the calving, tide-water San Rafael glacier that discharges into the Laguna. The fauna and flora are simple and largely limited to a small sector of the Laguna, relatively unaffected by ice. There is a predominance of herbivorous fish, ducks, geese and swans, feeding ma inly on macroalgae. Penguins, cormorants, sea lions and porpoises make up the top predators. The strandline is influenced by very heavy rain fall and supports a fauna of freshwater and terrestrial molluscs and e arthworms, fed upon by birds and frogs. Large numbers of mussels are p resent in the north-eastern sector of the Laguna, but many are found i n poor condition, high on the shore. It is suggested that poor conditi on and mortality are caused by large calving waves that dislodge musse ls. Such waves are caused by occasional loss of massive quantities of ice from the glacier. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited