Comparative studies of parasite species richness among host toro can b
e confounded by uneven sampling effort Sampling ceases to be a confoun
ding factor when extrapolation methods are used to estimate true speci
es richness. Here, Bruno Walther and colleagues review examples of sam
pling bias and the use of extrapolation methods for circumventing it T
hey also discuss the confounding effects of phylogenetic association o
n estimates of species richness.