SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS OF VELOPHARYNGEAL ACTION IN PHONETIC AND PHONOLOGICAL NASALIZATION

The aim of this paper is to differentiate between effects of phonetic implementation and effects of phonological structure in the adjustment of articulatory trajectories to varying speech rate. Cross-linguistic data on coarticulatory nasalization of vowels preceding a nasal conso nant at different speech rates were analyzed in American English and S panish. The two languages show different patterns of timing, magnitude , duration, and velocity of velopharyngeal movements. In Spanish the v elocity of velar port (VP) opening and closing gestures is not affecte d by differences in speech rate, which suggests that these trajectorie s reflect the default articulatory movements automatically implemented by the phonetic component. In American English, VP closing velocity i s not affected by speech rate whereas opening velocity adjusts to vari ations in speech rate to ensure vowel nasalization across rates. The c areful regulation of VP opening velocity suggests that it is centrally controlled. Interarticulatory timing data support this interpretation : In Spanish, vowels are oral for most of their duration; onset of VP opening is timed relative to the following nasal consonant and peak VP size occurs at nasal consonant onset across rates, which suggests tha t the motor commands for opening the velar port are part of the instru ctions for the nasal consonant. In American English, on the other hand , VP opening onset coincides with vowel onset and peak VP size occurs in the middle of the vowel across rates, which indicates that opening movements are part of the programming instructions for the vowel. It i s argued that, in Spanish, vowels followed by a nasal consonant are ta rgeted as oral and are nasalized as a result of a coarticulatory effec t, whereas, in American English, vowels are targeted as nasalized as a result of a phonological rule.