The article is a shortened version of invited lecture for Conference h
onoring the scientific legacy of L.S. Vygotsky, Moscow, September, 199
4. It discusses a topic that was central to L.S. Vygotsky's concern: t
he role of culture in human development. The author illustrates the af
finities between Russian ideas about culture in development and ideas
derived from American and European scholars and presents an example of
evaluation of the correctness of the theory with respect to a central
ly important form of behavior in society - the ability to read for mea
ning.