THE PERSONALITY DEVIANCE SCALES - THEIR DEVELOPMENT, ASSOCIATIONS, FACTOR STRUCTURE AND RESTRUCTURING

The development of the Personality Deviance Scales (PDS) and their con cepts of extrapunitiveness, intropunitiveness and dominance are review ed. The use of the PDS in psychiatric and medical settings is reviewed . Although the PDS and their related psychological concepts are relati vely widely used and relate to mental and physical health outcomes, th e psychometric properties of the PDS have never been studied at the it em level. The factor structure of the PDS is reported for 1514 people (774 males, 740 females) sampled randomly from the older population. W hereas some of the six primary scales of the PDS emerge clearly from a n oblique factor analysis, the three secondary scales were not retriev ed. A two factor solution involving 17 of the 36 items is provided. Th ese new factors assess hostility and submissiveness/low self-confidenc e.