PLANTING STATE-LISTED ENDANGERED AND THREATENED PLANTS

The distribution and planting of state-listed endangered and threatene d plants is outlawed in most states of the United States, yet listed s pecies are commonly used in landscaping and restorations There is a ne ed to re-examine policy regarding planting and propagation of endanger ed and threatened plants outside of planned recovery efforts. Potentia l advantages associated with increased outplanting of rare species inc lude (1) improved public education and relations (2) demographic secur ity derived from creation of new populations; (3) provision of new, ap propriate gene-flow opportunities; (4) applied research opportunities and (5) ability to regulate a currently uncontrolled activity Potentia l disadvantages are (1) confusion of natural and planted populations; (2) bureaucratic Problems with protection of planted populations; (3) potential for inappropriate gene flow between natural and planted popu lations causing outbreeding depression and loss of genetic purity of n atural populations; and (4) extension of the natural geographic and ec ological range of the species. Policies, regulations, and nursery prac tices exist that would maximize the potential advantages and minimize the risks associated with the distribution of endangered and threatene d plants. Policy considerations discussed include selection of appropr iate species, production of appropriate and high-quality genetic stock , and regulation of outplanting programs. I weigh the risks and benefi ts of a program that would allow the general public access to some sta te-listed plants for natural landscaping. I conclude that a less restr ictive but enforceable set of policies and regulations may be preferab le to the status quo.