The distribution and planting of state-listed endangered and threatene
d plants is outlawed in most states of the United States, yet listed s
pecies are commonly used in landscaping and restorations There is a ne
ed to re-examine policy regarding planting and propagation of endanger
ed and threatened plants outside of planned recovery efforts. Potentia
l advantages associated with increased outplanting of rare species inc
lude (1) improved public education and relations (2) demographic secur
ity derived from creation of new populations; (3) provision of new, ap
propriate gene-flow opportunities; (4) applied research opportunities
and (5) ability to regulate a currently uncontrolled activity Potentia
l disadvantages are (1) confusion of natural and planted populations;
(2) bureaucratic Problems with protection of planted populations; (3)
potential for inappropriate gene flow between natural and planted popu
lations causing outbreeding depression and loss of genetic purity of n
atural populations; and (4) extension of the natural geographic and ec
ological range of the species. Policies, regulations, and nursery prac
tices exist that would maximize the potential advantages and minimize
the risks associated with the distribution of endangered and threatene
d plants. Policy considerations discussed include selection of appropr
iate species, production of appropriate and high-quality genetic stock
, and regulation of outplanting programs. I weigh the risks and benefi
ts of a program that would allow the general public access to some sta
te-listed plants for natural landscaping. I conclude that a less restr
ictive but enforceable set of policies and regulations may be preferab
le to the status quo.