Davey reviews evidence purporting to distinguish between two accounts
of selective associations - expectancy bias and evolved predisposition
s, although these hypotheses largely apply to different levels of caus
al analysis. Criticisms of primate studies in which subjects lack prio
r exposure to stimuli seem uncompelling. Expectancies may sometimes se
rve as proximal mediators in selective associations, but other factors
, both proximate and ultimate, are clearly also involved.