WHOLE-ING THE PARTS AND RIGHTING THE WRONGS

The recent reports that popular panaceas are not working most of the t ime is not surprising; they are applied anti-systemically. These failu res have two principal sources. First, they manipulate the parts of sy stems without regard to how their manipulations affect the whole throu gh interactions of the parts. Second, they tend to do the wrong things righter rather than the right things. It is better to do the right th ing wrong that the wrong thing right; the former leads to learning; th e latter to reinforcement of error.