Cd. Spielberger et al., PERSONALITY-CHARACTERISTICS OF USERS OF SMOKELESS TOBACCO COMPARED WITH CIGARETTE SMOKERS AND NONUSERS OF TOBACCO PRODUCTS, Personality and individual differences, 19(4), 1995, pp. 439-448
This study compares the personality characteristics of men who use smo
keless tobacco (ST) products with smokers and non-users. The Eysenck P
ersonality Questionnaire (EPQ), the State-Trait Personality Inventory
(STPI), and the Anger Expression (AX) Scale were given to a heterogene
ous sample of 755 men residing in Florida and Texas, consisting of 275
ST-Users, 272 smokers, and 208 non-users. Participants were screened
to ensure adequate reading ability, and were tested individually at co
nvenience stores, gun and boat shows, barbecue and truck-stop restaura
nts, and a county fair. ST-Users and smokers had significantly higher
mean EPQ Psychoticism and STPI Trait Anger scores than non-users. Smok
ers also had significantly higher EPQ Neuroticism and Anger-In scores,
and were lower in trait curiosity than non-users; the scores of the S
T-Users on these measures fell between those of the smokers and non-us
ers, and did not differ significantly from either group. Although no d
ifferences in Extraversion were found between ST-Users, smokers and no
n-users, Occasional ST-Users had significantly higher E scores than Re
gular Users of smokeless tobacco products.