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This article provides a new conceptualization of the literature on the
application of the elaboration likelihood model of attitude change (E
LM) to counseling, identifying two waves of this work: (a) early appli
cation studies that were essentially parametric extensions of well-est
ablished basic laboratory paradigms and (b) later studies that reflect
less strong adherence to basic research paradigms and more sensitivit
y to the counseling context. In the second wave, the focus shifted awa
y from laboratory paradigms, toward important issues in counseling, su
ch as enhancing the effectiveness of assertion training and evaluating
the validity of people's assessment responses. Results from the secon
d wave provide clearer support for the utility of the ELM than first-w
ave studies. This article also identifies important methodological dif
ferences between the two waves, discusses relevant recent advances, an
d provides a list of practice-relevant conclusions from this literatur
e and a future research agenda.