THE GENERALITY OF THE RATIO-BIAS PHENOMENON

A well-substantiated, surprising finding is that people judge the occu rrence of an event of low probability as less likely when its probabil ity is represented by a ratio of smaller (e.g., 1 in 20) than of large r (e.g., 10 in 200) numbers. The results of three experiments demonstr ated that the phenomenon is broadly general and occurs as readily in p re- as in postoutcome judgments. These results support an interpretati on in terms of subjective probability, as suggested by the principles of cognitive-experiential self theory, but not an interpretation in te rms of imagining counter-factual alternatives, as proposed by norm the ory.