Jj. Carroll et al., GAS-PHASE REACTIONS OF 2ND-ROW TRANSITION-METAL ATOMS WITH SMALL HYDROCARBONS - EXPERIMENT AND THEORY, Journal of physical chemistry, 99(38), 1995, pp. 13955-13969
For reactions of gas phase, ground state, neutral transition metal ato
ms from the 4d series with alkanes and alkenes, we combine 300 K kinet
ics measurements with ab initio electronic structure calculations to i
nfer mechanisms in some detail. The theoretical method PCI-80 with zer
o-point energy corrections to the bare potential surface apparently pr
oduces bond energies, reaction exothermicities, and even saddle point
energies accurate to within 2-3 kcal/mol, provided that the correct gr
ound state has been located, which is sometimes difficult. The reactio
ns fall into two general categories: termolecular stabilization of lon
g-lived M(hydrocarbon) complexes and bimolecular elimination of H-2. B
y using the ab initio energies and vibrational frequencies in a statis
tical unimolecular rate theory (RRKM theory), we can model the lifetim
es of M(hydrocarbon) complexes to assess the plausibility of a saturat
ed termolecular mechanism at 1 Torr He. Termolecular examples include
the reactions of Pd with alkanes to form long-range eta(2) complexes;
the reactions of Rh and Pd with alkenes to form pi complexes; and prob
ably the reactions of Y, Zr, Nb, Rh, and Pd with cyclopropane to form
CH or CC insertion complexes. In other reactions, all of the evidence
indicates a bimolecular H-2 elimination mechanism. Rhodium is unique a
mong the 4d metal atoms in effecting H-2 elimination from ethane and l
arger alkanes. Yttrium, zirconium, and-niobium almost surely insert in
CH bonds of ethylene and larger alkenes, ultimately eliminating H-2.
We discuss the general requirements on the pattern of atomic electroni
c states that permit efficient CH bond activation and H-2 elimination.
The good agreement between the observed reaction rates and the PCI-XO
calculations lends confidence to future efforts to apply ab initio te
chniques to more complicated catalytic systems, including condensed ph
ase reactions involving ligated metal centers.