This paper examines younger workers' job-relevant post-secondary educa
tion, formal on-the-job and informal on-the-job training. Using data f
rom a panel study of 1985 Edmonton high school and university graduate
s, we examine the extent to which individuals who made the school-to-w
ork transition during the late 1980s are actively participating in the
ir own labour market upgrading. We also use employees' perceptions to
document the content and usefulness of this education and training. Ou
r data suggest that job-relevant skills are obtained from a diverse co
mbination of sources within workplaces and educational institutions. W
e conclude by exploring the policy implications of these findings in t
he context of debates about the link between human resource developmen
t and economic competitiveness.