Analysis of variation in the hypervariable region of mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) has emerged as an important tool for studying human evolution
and migration. However, attempts to reconstruct optimal intraspecific
mtDNA phylogenies frequently fail because parallel mutation events pa
rtly obscure the true evolutionary pathways. This makes it inadvisable
to present a single phylogenetic tree at the expense of neglecting eq
ually acceptable ones. As an alternative, we propose a novel network a
pproach for portraying mtDNA relationships. For small sample sizes (<
similar to 50), an unmodified median network contains all most parsimo
nious trees, displays graphically the full information content of the
sequence data, and can easily be generated by hand. For larger sample
sizes, we reduce the complexity of the network by identifying parallel
isms. This reduction procedure is guided by a compatibility argument a
nd an addi- tional source of phylogenetic information: the frequencies
of the mitochondrial haplotypes. As a spinoff, our approach can also
assist in identifying sequencing errors, which manifest themselves in
implausible network substructures. We illustrate the advantages of our
approach with several examples from existing data sets.