VIKING EXPANSION NORTHWARDS - MEDIEVAL SOURCES

Evidence for Scandinavian activities in the northwestern part of the B arents Sea is scanty; according to the Annals, Svalbaro(i) was discove red in 1194, but the entry refers to Jan Mayen rather than present-day Svalbard/Spitsbergen. By contrast, the southern fringe of the Barents Sea was more than once crossed by Vikings on their way to Bjarmaland (Russia) in the White Sea area. As early as the end of the ninth centu ry, an Old English source tells of a Norse expedition to that area and Old Norse sources indicate the existence of trade links back to the t enth century, possibly even earlier. The commodities traded and levied were tusks, precious furs and skins. The trade, also with the nearby Sami, was controlled by Norse chieftains living on the coast south of Tromso, who competed for power with the kings of Norway. Both kings an d chieftains were involved in the Bjarmaland expeditions, as can be se en from historical sources and from fiction. A final expedition took p lace in 1222. The trips to Bjarmaland did not lead to correct ideas ab out the geography of the Barents Sea area as a whole. Firm knowledge w as limited, leaving room for superstition and learned speculations, su ch as a land-bridge to Greenland and a race of arctic giants, thought to live somewhere north of Bjarmaland. As to the Barents Sea proper, t he sources reflect problems with sailing.