PROBING MOLECULAR RELAXATION ON POLYMER SURFACES WITH FRICTION FORCE MICROSCOPY

The scan-velocity dependence of friction force microscopy (FFM) is cha racterized on gelatin films and related to the rate dependence of mole cular relaxations. For selected scanning-parameter values the velocity dependence of frictional force is affected by the measurement process , because of energy imparted to the tip-sample contact region: a peak in the friction-velocity relationship, attributed to the glass-to-rubb er transition, shifts to higher velocity for increasingly-perturbative scanning. Subsequent imaging at less perturbative scanning conditions reveals residual elevated frictional forces, but no corresponding mor phological changes, in the perturbed regions. This is attributed to gr eater relaxational dissipation of energy from higher-energy molecular conformations attained in the rubbery state. Relaxation to lower-energ y conformations in turn leaves the scanned region exhibiting lower fri ctional forces, i.e., in a less dissipative state characteristic of th e scanning conditions during repeated imaging. The ability to image va riations in frictional dissipation tens of nanometers in lateral size is demonstrated. These variations are sampled statistically over micro meter-scale regions to yield ''friction spectroscopy'' histograms, i.e ., number of image pixels versus frictional force. Histogram breadth a nd symmetry apparently reflect the energy dispersion of relaxations ch aracteristic of glassy or rubbery behavior. The fundamental understand ings of FFM derived in this study are applied to assess crystallinity and aging in gelatin films.