VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS AND HIV-1 COINFECTION IN SOUTHERN FRANCE

Between 1986 and 1993 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) was diagnosed in 50 adult patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infect ion (8 females, 42 males: 31 intravenous drug users, 11 homosexual or bisexual men, 6 heterosexual individuals, 2 blood recipients) from 5 h ospital centres in southern France. Diagnosis of VL was by demonstrati on of Leishmania and isolation of promastigotes by culture in Novy-McN eal-Nicolle medium. Leishmania isolates were identified by their isoen zyme profile in 28 patients. All the patients were immunocompromised w hen VL was diagnosed. Their median CD4 cell count was 25x10(6) (0-200) . However, only 21 patients (42%) fulfilled the 1987 CDC criteria for the acquired immune deficiency syndrome before VL developed. Fever (84 %), splenomegaly (56%), hepatomegaly (34%), and pancytopenia (62%) wer e the most common presenting features. Clinical signs were lacking in 10% of patients. Anti-leishmanial antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 26/47 case s (55%). Combining these techniques with Western blotting (WB) gave a positivity rate of 95%. Amastigotes were demonstrated in bone marrow a spirates in 47 cases (94%). Unusual sites for parasites were found in 17 patients (34%), mainly in the digestive tract but also skin and lun g. Viscerotropic L. infantum zymodeme MON-1 was characterized in 86% o f cases. Dermotropic zymodemes MON-24, MON-29, MON-33, and a previousl y undescribed zymodeme MON-183, were isolated from 4 patients. The res ponse rate to pentavalent antimony was 50% and to amphotericin B 100%, but clinical relapses were noted in both groups. In endemic areas, VL should be considered as a possible opportunistic infection in HIV-inf ected patients. WB would be a valuable tool for diagnosis of VL in the se patients.