BIOINDICATION AT FOREST SITES - CONCEPTS, PRACTICE, AND OUTLOOK

In the course of forest decline studies in the last decade a multitude of bioindication methods has been developed. This article is a short review on selected methods used in the TEMPUS program: Passive monitor ing by lichens, either in form of reactive bioindication for the asses sment of stress impact on forest ecosystems or in form of accumalitve indication for monitoring of heavy metals is still an important tool i n forestry. Plant cultivars particularly sensitive to certain pollutan ts can be used for active monitoring concepts. Forest trees, especiall y Norway spruce, are widely used as indication plants: Besides the com monly applied forest monitoring systems based on visual classification of canopies, we describe the use of physiological parameters of spruc e needles for bioindication of stresses including non-accumulating inf luences.