A. Gobbi et al., THE ROLE OF SIGMA-STABILIZATION AND PI-STABILIZATION IN BENZENE, ALLYL CATION AND ALLYL ANION - A CANONICAL ORBITAL ENERGY DERIVATIVE STUDY, Chemical physics letters, 244(1-2), 1995, pp. 27-31
The orbital energy second derivatives with respect to the CC asymmetri
c stretching mode of benzene, allyl cation and allyl anion show unambi
giously that the sr orbitals are unstable with respect to a distorted
geometry with alternating CC bonds. It is the sigma frame which enforc
es the D-6h form of benzene and the C-2v form of the allyl cation and
allyl anion.