ELEMENTS OF THE SOCRATIC METHOD .4. DISAVOWAL OF KNOWLEDGE

The Socratic method can be used in combination with most forms of psyc hotherapy. Previous reports have described the Socratic method as comp rised of three basic elements: systematic questioning, inductive reaso ning, and universal definitions. The present article describes a disav owal of knowledge as a general attitude that underlies the effective u se of the Socratic method. Disavowal of knowledge refers to a tendency to view most information as comprised of tentative beliefs and person al opinions rather than objective facts. Disavowal of knowledge by the client reduces inadequately justified beliefs, stimulates a search fo r new information, and facilitates critical thinking by the client. Li kewise, disavowal of knowledge by the therapist promotes intellectual modesty in sessions, ensures a genuine desire for learning by the ther apist, and encourages collaborative empiricism throughout therapy. Eac h aspect is discussed as related to the use of the Socratic method in psychotherapy.