Nutrient supply to the fetus is a key factor in the regulation of feta
l growth. However, the direct supply of nutrients to provide building
blocks for tissue growth is likely to be only a minor component of thi
s regulation. The indirect effects of nutrition on fetal endocrine and
metabolic status, and on the interaction between the fetus, placenta
and mother all of which must be coordinated to allow fetal growth are
also important. Maternal undernutrition may alter the growth of the fe
tus and its different component tissues in a way which cannot be expla
ined solely on the basis of reduced substrate supply during the rapid
growth phase of the tissues involved. Adaptation to altered substrate
supply, during both undernutrition and refeeding, involves sequential
changes in the metabolic and endocrine interactions between the fetus
and the placenta. In addition, undernutrition has long-term consequenc
es for the fetus. There is evidence for nutritional programming of fet
al endocrine and cardiovascular systems before birth. Nutritional effe
cts may also persist over more than one generation. The effects of nut
rition on fetal growth are far more complex than simply those of subst
rate deprivation.