FETAL GROWTH-RETARDATION AND INCREASED PLACENTAL WEIGHT IN THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RAT

Epidemiological studies have linked low birth weight and increased pla cental weight with increased risk of hypertension in adult life. It ha s been proposed that the cardiovascular changes which lead to hyperten sion are initiated in utero by processes associated with intrauterine growth retardation. The alternative possibility, that hypertension may result from genetic influences which also determine fetal and placent al size, has had less support because birth weight is not determined g enetically in humans. However, in the spontaneously hypertensive rat ( SHR) essential hypertension is known to be transmitted genetically. Fe tal and placental weights were, therefore, measured at Day 20 gestatio n in SHRs and compared with those in the normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WK Y) control strain. Fetal weight (1.93+/-0.04 g) was significantly (P<0 .001) reduced in SHRs compared with WKY fetuses (2.23+/-0.01 g) but pl acental weight was heavier (P<0.001) in SHRs (0.347+/-0.005 g) than in WKY rats (0.300+/-0.006 g) although litter size was not different. As expected, maternal blood pressure recorded under 1% halothane anaesth esia was higher (126+/-2.7 mm Hg) in SHR than WKY rats (100+/-2.1 mm H g; 1 mm Hg=133 Pa). In addition the concentration of maternal blood gl ucose in SHR was significantly (P<0.001) higher (4.8+/-0.32 mM v. 3.7/-0.11 mM) and the concentration of plasma insulin was significantly ( P<0.05) lower in SHRs (18.8+/-3.0 ng mL(-1)) than in WKY darns (29.4+/ -3.1 ng mL(-1)). Thus, the data support human population studies which show an association between adult hypertension and a reduced fetal:pl acental weight ratio at birth. However, because hypertension in the SH R is genetically determined, these data suggest that fetal growth reta rdation and increased placental weight may also be determined genetica lly.