J. Camacho et D. Jou, EQUATIONS OF STATE OF A DILUTE GAS UNDER A HEAT-FLUX, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics, 52(4), 1995, pp. 3490-3494
Thermal and caloric equations of state for a dilute gas under a heat f
lux are used to provide a possible microscopic interpretation of tempe
rature in nonequilibrium states. Two possible experiments in which thi
s nonequilibrium temperature could be shown are discussed. They includ
e the study of the Doppler broadening of spectral lines, and of the ve
locity of long sound waves, both ina nonequilibrium situation characte
rized by a steady heat flux.