SELF-MANAGEMENT AND SELF-LEADERSHIP REEXAMINED - A LEVELS-OF-ANALYSISPERSPECTIVE

This article critiques the concepts of self-management and self-leader ship from a levels-of-analysis perspective. Conceptual and methodologi cal problems in identifying the most pertinent levels of analysis are noted. We articulate the ways in which the individual, the dyad, the g roup, and the organization can be theoretically melded into existing s elf-leadership theory. Suggestions for future research are explored, a s well as practical applications in the areas of self-managed work tea ms and high-performance organizations.