TYROSINE kinase receptors stimulate the Ras signalling pathway by enha
ncing the activity of the SOS nucleotide-exchange factor(1) This occur
s, at least in part, by the recruitment of an SOS-GRB2 complex to Ras
in the plasma membrane. Here we describe a different signalling pathwa
y to Ras that involves activation of the Ras-GRF exchange factor(2-4)
in response to Ca2+-influx, In particular, se show that the ability of
Ras-CRF to activate Ras in vivo is markedly enhanced by raised Ca2+ c
oncentrations. Activation is mediated by calmodulin binding to an IQ m
otif(5) in Ras-GRF, because substitutions in conserved amino acids in
this motif prevent both calmodulin binding to Ras-CRF and Ras-GRF acti
vation in vivo, So far, full-length Ras-GRF has been detected only in
brain neurons(2,6,7), Our findings implicate Ras-GRF in the regulation
of neuronal functions that are influenced by Ca2+ signals.