WATER RELATIONS IN LICHENS AT SUBZERO TEMPERATURES - STRUCTURAL-CHANGES AND CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE IN THE LICHEN UMBILICARIA-APRINA FROM CONTINENTAL ANTARCTICA
B. Schroeter et C. Scheidegger, WATER RELATIONS IN LICHENS AT SUBZERO TEMPERATURES - STRUCTURAL-CHANGES AND CARBON-DIOXIDE EXCHANGE IN THE LICHEN UMBILICARIA-APRINA FROM CONTINENTAL ANTARCTICA, New phytologist, 131(2), 1995, pp. 273-285
Photosynthetic activity and structural changes at subzero temperatures
were monitored in the foliose lichen Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. from con
tinental Antarctica. Carbon dioxide gas exchange measurements revealed
that net photosynthesis and dark respiration occurred at subzero temp
eratures regardless of whether a lichen thallus saturated with liquid
water was exposed to subzero temperatures, or if a dry thallus was re-
hydrated only from snow at subzero temperatures. When water-saturated
thalli of U. aprina were slowly cooled at subzero temperatures ice nuc
leation activity could be detected at -5.4 degrees C, indicating extra
cellular freezing of water. Using low-temperature scanning electron mi
croscopy (LTSEM) it was demonstrated that extracellular ice formation
leads to cytorrhysis in the photobiont cells and to cavitation in the
mycobiont cells. Both processes were reversible if the lichen thallus
was re-warmed. When dry lichen thalli were covered with snow at subzer
o temperatures a substantial re-hydration from snow could be observed
in LTSEM micrographs and measured gravimetrically. The final thallus w
ater content was strongly dependent on the temperature regime and gave
water contents between 20% d. wt at -21 degrees C and 56% d. wt at -4
.5 degrees C after 16 h exposure. Carbon dioxide gas exchange measurem
ents revealed that metabolic activity was initiated during re-hydratio
n from snow at subzero temperatures. It is proposed that water uptake
from snow at subzero temperatures occurs in the gaseous phase and depe
nds only on the temperature-related differences in water potential bet
ween the cell contents and the surrounding atmosphere in equilibrium w
ith snow. Photosynthetic activity and re-hydration from snow at subzer
o temperatures are of great ecological importance for primary producti
on in extreme environments such as Antarctica where metabolic activity
is severely limited by water availability and low temperatures.