Open-chest cardiac massage in humans to treat chloroform syncope was f
irst performed by Niehans in Berne and Langenbuch in Berlin in the lat
e 1880s. Closed-chest cardiac massage in humans was advocated by Koeni
g and Maass in Gottingen in the last two decades of the 19th century.
The closed technique was used in Central Europe for several decades to
treat chloroform syncope.