EFFECTS OF GLOBAL CHANGE ON CARBON STORAGE IN TROPICAL FORESTS OF SOUTH-AMERICA

We used a process-based model of ecosystem biogeochemistry (MEL-GEM) t o evaluate the effects of global change on carbon (C) storage in matur e tropical forest ecosystems in the Amazon Basin of Brazil. We first d erived a single parameterization of the model that was consistent with all the C stock and turnover data from three intensively studied site s within the Amazon Basin that differed in temperature, rainfall, and cloudiness. The range in temperature, soil moisture, and photosyntheti cally active radiation (PAR) among these sites is about as large as th e anticipated changes in these variables in the tropics under CO2-indu ced climate change. We then tested the parameterized model by predicti ng C stocks along a 2400-km transect in the Amazon Basin. Comparison o f predicted and measured vegetation and soil C stocks along this trans ect suggests that the model provides a reasonable approximation of how climatic and hydrologic factors regulate present-day C stocks within the Amazon Basin. Finally, we used the model to predict and analyze ch anges in ecosystem C stocks under projected changes in atmospheric CO2 and climate. The central hypothesis of this exercise is that changes in ecosystem C storage in response to climate and CO2 will interact st rongly with changes in other element cycles, particularly the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles. We conclude that C storage will increa se in Amazonian forests as a result of(1) redistribution of nutrients from soil (with low C:nutrient ratios) to vegetation (with high C:nutr ient ratios), (2) increases in the C:nutrient ratio of vegetation and soil, and (3) increased sequestration of external nutrient inputs by t he ecosystem. Our analyses suggest that C:nutrient interactions will c onstrain increases in C storage to a maximum of 63 Mg/ha during the ne xt 200 years, or about 16% above present-day stocks. However, it is im possible to predict how much smaller the actual increase in C storage will be until more is known about the controls on soil P availability. On the basis of these analyses, we identify several topics for furthe r research in the moist tropics that must be addressed to resolve thes e uncertainties.