DESIGN AND OPERATION OF A BENCH-SCALE PROCESS-DEVELOPMENT UNIT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSICS

A bench-scale unit for the development of an enzymatic process for the bioconversion of lignocellulosics to ethanol has been used to study t he recycling of waste-water streams to minimize fresh-water requiremen ts and reduce effluent streams. Willow, after impregnation with sulphu r dioxide, was steam-pretreated, enzymatically hydrolysed, and the sug ars produced were fermented using S. cerevisiae. The fermentation brot h was distilled and the stillage was fractionated by evaporation into six separate condensate fractions and a residue. The overall yield of ethanol from willow was 65% of the theoretical yield based on total fe rmentable sugars. The inhibitory effect of the evaporation condensates was assessed by fermentation using S. cerevisiae. The non-volatile re sidue of the stillage was found to be inhibitory to fermentation. The ethanol yield decreased from 0.37 g/g in a pure sugar reference to 0.3 1 g/g in the residue and the average ethanol fermentation rate decreas ed fi om 6.3 g/(l h) to 2.7 g/(l h), respectively. The evaporation con densates, containing the volatile components, showed no negative effec ts on fermentation. The intermediate evaporation condensate fractions, fractions 4 and 5, had the lowest chemical oxygen demand (GOD), 1560 and 1120 mg/l, compared with 33 300 mg/l for the stillage. Therefore, these fractions can be released directly into the effluent without fur ther treatment. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.