FIORAVANTI,LEONARDO (1517-1588) - A BARBER-SURGEON WHO INFLUENCED THEDEVELOPMENT OF RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY

Surgery in the Middle Ages was practiced by individuals belonging to t he guild of barbers, with no basic medical education. The transformati on into a scientific branch of medicine began in the sixteenth century . In this process, a great role was the one played by Leonardo Fiorava nti. He was a Doctor in Medicine graduated from the University of Bolo gna. A controversial man, he was also an innovator in many fields of m edicine, such as prevention of diseases, pharmacology, therapy, etc., and he was a surgeon himself. On the way back from one of the last Cru sades, he visited the Vianeos brothers in Calabria, and he was able to learn from them the technique for reconstructing the nose that had be en devised by Antonio Branca in the previous century and still practic ed only by barber-surgeons. He published his experience in a book that probably inspired the contemporary, Gaspare Tagliacozzi, Professor at the University of Bologna, and allowed him to become acquainted with this kind of reconstructive surgery. Tagliacozzi understood the value of the method described by Fioravanti and transformed a barber-surgery technique into a remarkable chapter of scientific surgery by divulgin g in the academic circles the principles of the pedicled flap, which h ave been the basis for development of modern plastic surgery.